Generic name |
Brand names |
Common uses[3] |
Possible side effects[3] |
Mechanism of action |
Aminoglycosides |
Amikacin |
Amikin |
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia.
All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach
will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream. However
aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical
forms. |
|
Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S
subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the
A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the
bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. |
Gentamicin |
Garamycin |
Kanamycin |
Kantrex |
Neomycin |
Neo-Fradin[4] |
Netilmicin |
Netromycin |
Tobramycin |
Nebcin |
Paromomycin |
Humatin |
Streptomycin |
|
Tuberculosis |
Spectinomycin(Bs) |
Trobicin |
Gonorrhea |
|
|
Ansamycins |
Geldanamycin |
|
Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics |
|
|
Herbimycin |
|
Rifaximin |
Xifaxan |
Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli |
|
|
Carbacephem |
Loracarbef |
Lorabid |
Discontinued |
|
prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. |
Carbapenems |
Ertapenem |
Invanz |
Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial
coverage. (Notes: MRSA resistance to this class. All are active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa except ertapenem.) |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea
- Seizures
- Headache
- Rash and allergic reactions
|
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
Doripenem |
Doribax |
Imipenem/Cilastatin |
Primaxin |
Meropenem |
Merrem |
Cephalosporins (First generation) |
Cefadroxil |
Duricef |
Good coverage against Gram-positive infections. |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cefazolin |
Ancef |
Cefalotin or Cefalothin |
Keflin (discontinued) |
Cefalexin |
Keflex |
Cephalosporins (Second generation) |
Cefaclor |
Distaclor |
Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover. |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cefamandole |
Mandol (discontinued) |
Cefoxitin |
Mefoxin (discontinued) |
Cefprozil |
Cefzil |
Cefuroxime |
Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) |
Cephalosporins (Third generation) |
Cefixime (antagonistic with Chloramphenicol)[5] |
Cefspan (Fujisawa) |
Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram-positive cover. But still not cover Mycoplasma and Chlamydia |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cefdinir |
Omnicef, Cefdiel |
Cefditoren |
Spectracef, Meiact |
Cefoperazone [Unlike most third-generation agents, cefoperazone is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa], combination Cefoperazone with Sulbactam makes more effective antibiotic, because Sulbactam avoid degeneration of Cefoperazone |
Cefobid (discontinued) |
Cefotaxime |
Claforan |
Cefpodoxime |
Vantin |
Ceftazidime (Unlike most third-generation agents, ceftazidime is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but less active against Staphylococci and Streptococci compare to other 3rd generation of cephalosporins) |
Fortaz |
Ceftibuten |
Cedax |
Ceftizoxime |
Cefizox (discontinued) |
Ceftriaxone (IV and IM, not orally, effective also for syphilis and uncomplicated gonorrhea) |
Rocephin |
Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) |
Cefepime |
Maxipime |
Covers pseudomonal infections. |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) |
Ceftaroline fosamil |
Teflaro |
Used to treat MRSA |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Allergic reaction
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Ceftobiprole |
Zeftera |
Used to treat MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Glycopeptides |
Teicoplanin |
Targocid (UK) |
Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of C. difficile colitis |
|
Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis. |
Vancomycin |
Vancocin |
Telavancin |
Vibativ |
Dalbavancin |
Dalvance |
Oritavancin |
Orbactiv |
Lincosamides(Bs) |
Clindamycin |
Cleocin |
Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in
penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin
topically for acne |
Possible C. difficile-related pseudomembranous enterocolitis |
Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. |
Lincomycin |
Lincocin |
Lipopeptide |
Daptomycin |
Cubicin |
Gram-positive organisms, but is inhibited by pulmonary surfactant so less effective against pneumonias |
|
Binds to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a
loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and
RNA synthesis. |
Macrolides(Bs) |
Azithromycin |
Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone |
Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease |
- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses)
- Prolonged cardiac QT interval (especially erythromycin)
- Hearing loss (especially at higher doses)
- Jaundice
|
Inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. |
Clarithromycin |
Biaxin |
Dirithromycin |
Dynabac (discontinued) |
Erythromycin |
Erythocin, Erythroped |
Roxithromycin |
|
Troleandomycin |
Tao (discontinued) |
Telithromycin |
Ketek |
Pneumonia |
Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[6] |
Spiramycin |
Rovamycine |
Mouth infections |
|
Monobactams |
Aztreonam |
Azactam |
Gram-negative bacteria |
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Nitrofurans |
Furazolidone |
Furoxone |
Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis |
|
|
Nitrofurantoin(Bs) |
Macrodantin, Macrobid |
Urinary tract infections |
|
|
Oxazolidinones(Bs) |
Linezolid |
Zyvox |
VRSA |
|
Protein synthesis inhibitor; prevents the initiation step |
Posizolid |
Phase II clinical trials |
|
|
Radezolid |
Phase II clinical trials |
|
|
Torezolid |
Phase II clinical trials |
|
|
Penicillins |
Amoxicillin |
Novamox, Amoxil |
Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease |
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions
- Brain and kidney damage (rare)
|
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. |
Ampicillin |
Principen (discontinued) |
Azlocillin |
|
Carbenicillin |
Geocillin (discontinued) |
Cloxacillin |
Tegopen (discontinued) |
Dicloxacillin |
Dynapen (discontinued) |
Flucloxacillin |
Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group) |
Mezlocillin |
Mezlin (discontinued) |
Methicillin |
Staphcillin (discontinued) |
Nafcillin |
Unipen (discontinued) |
Oxacillin |
Prostaphlin (discontinued) |
Penicillin G |
Pentids (discontinued) |
Penicillin V |
Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) |
Piperacillin |
Pipracil (discontinued) |
Penicillin G |
Pfizerpen |
Temocillin |
Negaban (UK) (discontinued) |
Ticarcillin |
Ticar (discontinued) |
|
|
|
Penicillin combinations |
Amoxicillin/clavulanate |
Augmentin |
Both Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ampicillin/sulbactam are effective against non-recurrent acute otitis media.[7]
Amoxicillin/clavulanate is one of the few oral antibiotics effective
against skin and soft tissue infections. Not to be given to children
less than 40 kilograms in weight; for children heavier, the dosage is
same as adults, twice daily.[8] |
|
The second component reduces the effectiveness of some forms of bacterial resistance to the first component |
Ampicillin/sulbactam |
Unasyn |
|
Piperacillin/tazobactam |
Zosyn |
|
Ticarcillin/clavulanate |
Timentin |
|
Polypeptides |
Bacitracin |
|
Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly
to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection,
although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence
due to the emergence of multi drug resistant organisms. |
Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) |
Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane[9] |
Colistin |
Coly-Mycin-S |
Interact with the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane,
displacing bacterial counterions, which destabilizes the outer
membrane. Act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which
alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an
isosmotic solution. |
Polymyxin B |
|
Quinolones/Fluoroquinolone |
Ciprofloxacin |
Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay |
Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea |
Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) |
Inhibits the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. |
Enoxacin |
Penetrex |
Gatifloxacin |
Tequin |
Gemifloxacin |
Factive[10] |
Levofloxacin |
Levaquin |
Lomefloxacin |
Maxaquin |
Moxifloxacin |
Avelox |
Nalidixic acid |
NegGram |
Norfloxacin |
Noroxin |
Ofloxacin |
Floxin (discontinued), Ocuflox |
|
Trovafloxacin |
Trovan |
Withdrawn |
Grepafloxacin |
Raxar |
Withdrawn |
Sparfloxacin |
Zagam |
Withdrawn |
Temafloxacin |
Omniflox |
Withdrawn |
|
|
Sulfonamides(Bs) |
Mafenide |
Sulfamylon |
Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) |
|
Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells cannot divide. |
Sulfacetamide |
Sulamyd, Bleph-10 |
Sulfadiazine |
Micro-Sulfon |
Silver sulfadiazine |
Silvadene |
Sulfadimethoxine |
Di-Methox, Albon |
Sulfamethizole |
Thiosulfil Forte |
Sulfamethoxazole |
Gantanol |
Sulfanilimide (archaic) |
|
Sulfasalazine |
Azulfidine |
Sulfisoxazole |
Gantrisin |
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) |
Bactrim, Septra |
Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) |
Prontosil |
Tetracyclines(Bs) |
Demeclocycline |
Declomycin |
Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, malaria[note 1] |
- Gastrointestinal upset
- Sensitivity to sunlight
- Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy
- Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)
- transient depression of bone growth
|
Inhibits the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. But Tetracycline cannot be taken together with all dairy products, aluminium, iron and zinc minerals. |
Doxycycline |
Vibramycin |
Minocycline |
Minocin |
Oxytetracycline |
Terramycin |
Tetracycline |
Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin |
Drugs against mycobacteria |
Clofazimine |
Lamprene |
Antileprotic |
|
|
Dapsone |
Avlosulfon |
Antileprotic |
|
|
Capreomycin |
Capastat |
Antituberculosis |
|
|
Cycloserine |
Seromycin |
Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections |
|
|
Ethambutol(Bs) |
Myambutol |
Antituberculosis |
|
|
Ethionamide |
Trecator |
Antituberculosis |
|
Inhibits peptide synthesis |
Isoniazid |
I.N.H. |
Antituberculosis |
|
|
Pyrazinamide |
Aldinamide |
Antituberculosis |
|
|
Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) |
Rifadin, Rimactane |
mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria |
Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine |
Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription |
Rifabutin |
Mycobutin |
Mycobacterium avium complex |
Rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms |
|
Rifapentine |
Priftin |
Antituberculosis |
|
|
Streptomycin |
|
Antituberculosis |
Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity |
As other aminoglycosides |
Others |
Arsphenamine |
Salvarsan |
Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) |
|
|
Chloramphenicol(Bs) |
Chloromycetin |
Meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low-cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes |
Rarely: aplastic anemia. |
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome |
Fosfomycin |
Monurol, Monuril |
Acute cystitis in women |
This antibiotic is not recommended for children and 75 up of age |
Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis |
Fusidic acid |
Fucidin |
|
|
|
Metronidazole |
Flagyl |
Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, giardiasis |
Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea; alcohol is contraindicated |
Produces toxic free radicals
that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is
responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and
protozoa. |
Mupirocin |
Bactroban |
Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts |
|
Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis |
Platensimycin |
|
|
|
|
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin |
Synercid |
|
|
|
Thiamphenicol |
|
Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. Widely used in veterinary medicine. |
Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. |
A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome |
Tigecycline(Bs) |
Tigacyl |
Slowly Intravenous. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure
infections, soft tissues infections and complicated intra-abdominal
infections. Effective for gram positive and negative and also anaerob
antibiotics, against multi-resistant antibiotics bacteries such as Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii, but not effective for Pseudomonas spp. and Proteus spp. |
Teeth discoloration and same side effects as tetracycline.
Not to be given for children and pregnant or lactate women. Relatively
safe and no need dose adjusted when be given for mild to moderate liver
function or renal patients |
Similar structure with tetracycline, but 5 times stronger, big volume distribution and long half-time in the body |
Tinidazole |
Tindamax Fasigyn |
Protozoal infections |
Upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness |
|
Trimethoprim(Bs) |
Proloprim, Trimpex |
Urinary tract infections |
|
|
Generic Name |
Brand Names |
Common Uses[3] |
Possible Side Effects[3] |
Mechanism of action |