A hurricane is a type of tropical
cyclone or severe tropical storm that forms in the southern Atlantic Ocean,
Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern Pacific
Ocean. A typical cyclone is accompanied by thunderstorms, and in
the Northern Hemisphere, a counterclockwise circulation of winds near the
earth’s surface.
All Atlantic and Gulf
of Mexico coastal areas are subject to hurricanes. Parts of the
Southwest United States and the Pacific
Coast also experience heavy rains and
floods each year from hurricanes spawned off Mexico. The Atlantic hurricane
season lasts from June to November, with the peak season from mid-August to
late October. The Eastern Pacific hurricane season begins May 15 and ends
November 30.
Hurricanes can cause catastrophic
damage to coastlines and several hundred miles inland. Hurricane can produce
winds exceeding 155 miles per hour as well as tornadoes and mircrobursts.
Additionally, hurricanes can create storm surges along the coast and cause
extensive damage from heavy rainfall. Floods and flying debris from the
excessive winds are often the deadly and destructive results of these weather
events. Slow moving hurricanes traveling into mountainous regions tend to
produce especially heavy rain. Excessive rain can trigger landslides or mud
slides. Flash flooding can occur due to intense rainfall.
Before a Hurricane
To prepare for a hurricane, you
should take the following measures:
- To begin preparing, you should build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan.
- Know your surroundings.
- Learn the elevation level of your property and whether the land is flood-prone. This will help you know how your property will be affected when storm surge or tidal flooding are forecasted.
- Identify levees and dams in your area and determine whether they pose a hazard to you.
- Learn community hurricane evacuation routes and how to find higher ground. Determine where you would go and how you would get there if you needed to evacuate.
Make plans to secure your
property:
- Cover all of your home’s windows. Permanent storm shutters offer the best protection for windows. A second option is to board up windows with 5/8” marine plywood, cut to fit and ready to install. Tape does not prevent windows from breaking.
- Install straps or additional clips to securely fasten your roof to the frame structure. This will reduce roof damage.
- Be sure trees and shrubs around your home are well trimmed so they are more wind resistant.
- Clear loose and clogged rain gutters and downspouts.
- Reinforce your garage doors; if wind enters a garage it can cause dangerous and expensive structural damage.
- Plan to bring in all outdoor furniture, decorations, garbage cans and anything else that is not tied down.
- Determine how and where to secure your boat.
- Install a generator or solar panels for power outages.
- If in a high-rise building, be prepared to take shelter on or below the 10th floor.
Consider building a safe room and having a few solar powered lights
Hurricanes cause heavy rains that
can cause extensive flood damage in coastal and inland areas. Everyone is at
risk and should consider flood insurance protection. Flood insurance is the
only way to financially protect your property or business from flood damage. To
learn more about your flooding risk and how to protect yourself and your
business, visit the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (NFIP) Web
site, www.floodsmart.gov or call 1-800-427-2419.
The
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale classifies hurricanes into five categories
based on their sustained wind speed at the indicated time. The Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Wind Scale provides information on wind impacts only. The scale does
not address the potential for other hurricane-related impacts, such as storm
surge, rainfall-induced floods, and tornadoes.
Hurricanes
reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their
potential for significant loss of life and property. Category 1 and 2 storms
are still dangerous, however, and require preventive measures.
Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Wind Scale Summary
|
||
Scale Number
(Category)
|
Sustained
Winds (MPH)
|
Damage
|
1
|
74-95
|
Very dangerous
winds will produce some damage
·
Minor damage to exterior of homes
·
Toppled tree branches, uprooting of smaller trees
·
Extensive damage to power lines, power outages
|
2
|
96-110
|
Extremely
dangerous winds will cause extensive damage
·
Major damage to exterior of homes
·
Uprooting of small trees and many roads blocked
·
Guaranteed power outages for long periods of time – days
to weeks
|
3
|
111-129
|
Devastating
damage will occur
·
Extensive damage to exterior of homes
·
Many trees uprooted and many roads blocked
·
Extremely limited availability of water and electricity
|
4
|
130-156
|
Catastrophic
damage will occur
·
Loss of roof structure and/or some exterior walls
·
Most trees uprooted and most power lines down
·
Isolated residential due to debris pile up
·
Power outages lasting for weeks to months
|
5
|
157 or higher
|
Catastrophic
damage will occur
·
A high percentage of homes will be destroyed
·
Fallen trees and power lines isolate residential areas
·
Power outages lasting for weeks to months
·
Most areas will be uninhabitable
|
For
more information on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, visit the National
Hurricane Center.
Storm Surge
The greatest potential for loss of
life related to a hurricane is from the storm surge!
Storm surge is simply water that
is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds swirling around the storm.
This advancing surge combines with the normal tides to create the hurricane
storm tide, which can increase the mean water level to heights impacting roads,
homes and other critical infrastructure. In addition, wind driven waves are
superimposed on the storm tide. This rise in water level can cause severe
flooding in coastal areas, particularly when the storm tide coincides with the
normal high tides. Because much of the United
States' densely populated Atlantic and Gulf Coast
coastlines lie less than 10 feet above mean sea level, the danger from storm
tides is tremendous.
The storm surge combined with wave
action can cause extensive damage, severely erode beaches and coastal highways.
With major storms like Katrina, Camille and Hugo, complete devastation of
coastal communities occurred. Many buildings withstand hurricane force winds
until their foundations, undermined by erosion, are weakened and fail.
During a Hurricane
If a hurricane is likely in your
area, you should:
- Listen to the radio or TV for information. See solar powered battery chargers
- Secure your home, close storm shutters and secure outdoor objects or bring them indoors.
- Turn off utilities if instructed to do so. Otherwise, turn the refrigerator thermostat to its coldest setting and keep its doors closed.
- Turn off propane tanks
- Avoid using the phone, except for serious emergencies.
- Moor your boat if time permits.
- Ensure a supply of water for sanitary purpose such as cleaning and flushing toilets. Fill the bathtub and other larger containers with water.
- Find out how to keep food safe during and after and emergency.
You should evacuate under the
following conditions:
- If you are directed by local authorities to do so. Be sure to follow their instructions.
- If you live in a mobile home or temporary structure – such shelter are particularly hazardous during hurricane no matter how well fastened to the ground.
- If you live in a high-rise building – hurricane winds are stronger at higher elevations.
- If you live on the coast, on a floodplain, near a river, or on an island waterway.
Read more about evacuating
yourself and your family. If you are unable to evacuate, go to your wind-safe
room. If you do not have one, follow these guidelines:
- Stay indoors during the hurricane and away from windows and glass doors.
- Close all interior doors – secure and brace external doors.
- Keep curtains and blinds closed. Do not be fooled if there is a lull; it could be the eye of the storm – winds will pick up again.
- Take refuge in a small interior room, closet or hallway on the lowest level.
- Lie on the floor under a table or another sturdy object.
- Avoid elevators.
After a Hurricane
- Continue listening to a NOAA Weather Radio or the local news for the latest updates.
- Stay alert for extended rainfall and subsequent flooding even after the hurricane or tropical storm has ended.
- If you have become separated from your family, use your family communications plan or contact the American Red Cross at 1-800-RED-CROSS/1-800-733-2767 or visit the American Red Cross Safe and Well site: www.safeandwell.org ◦The American Red Cross also maintains a database to help you find family. Contact the local American Red Cross chapter where you are staying for information. Do not contact the chapter in the disaster area.
- If you evacuated, return home only when officials say it is safe.
- If you cannot return home and have immediate housing needs. Text SHELTER + your ZIP code to 43362 (4FEMA) to find the nearest shelter in your area (example: shelter 12345).
- For those who have longer-term housing needs, FEMA offers several types of assistance, including services and grants to help people repair their homes and find replacement housing. Apply for assistance or search for information about housing rental resources
- Drive only if necessary and avoid flooded roads and washed¬ out bridges. Stay off the streets. If you must go out watch for fallen objects; downed electrical wires; and weakened walls, bridges, roads, and sidewalks.
- Keep away from loose or dangling power lines and report them immediately to the power company.
- Walk carefully around the outside your home and check for loose power lines, gas leaks and structural damage before entering.
- Stay out of any building if you smell gas, floodwaters remain around the building or your home was damaged by fire and the authorities have not declared it safe.
- Inspect your home for damage. Take pictures of damage, both of the building and its contents, for insurance purposes. If you have any doubts about safety, have your residence inspected by a qualified building inspector or structural engineer before entering.
- Use battery-powered flashlights in the dark. Do NOT use candles. Note: The flashlight should be turned on outside before entering - the battery may produce a spark that could ignite leaking gas, if present.
- Watch your pets closely and keep them under your direct control. Watch out for wild animals, especially poisonous snakes. Use a stick to poke through debris.
- Avoid drinking or preparing food with tap water until you are sure it’s not contaminated.
- Check refrigerated food for spoilage. If in doubt, throw it out.
- Wear protective clothing and be cautious when cleaning up to avoid injury.
- Use the telephone only for emergency calls.
- NEVER use a generator inside homes, garages, crawlspaces, sheds, or similar areas, even when using fans or opening doors and windows for ventilation. Deadly levels of carbon monoxide can quickly build up in these areas and can linger for hours, even after the generator has shut off.
The
Emergency Management Institute (EMI) is part of the Department of Homeland
Security’s (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). EMI offers a free
Independent Study Program (ISP) to train the nation’s emergency management
network and to help educate the general public in disaster preparedness.
Suggested
emergency management courses to prepare for the hurricane season:
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